Cervical spondylosis is a common condition involving age-related changes in the bones, discs, and joints of the cervical spine (neck). Often referred to as neck arthritis or osteoarthritis of the neck, it is a common condition, especially in people over the age of 50. As we age, the structures in the neck naturally begin to lose some of their flexibility and strength, which can lead to mild discomfort or stiffness in some people. Despite these changes, many individuals experience few or no symptoms, and with proper care, most are able to lead active, pain-free lives. Cervical spondylosis is often manageable with non-invasive treatments, making it a condition that can be effectively controlled for most people.
Signs & Symptoms
The symptoms of cervical spondylosis can vary greatly, from mild discomfort to more noticeable pain, but they are typically manageable. Some of the most common signs and symptoms include:
- Neck pain and stiffness: This is the most common symptom. It can range from a mild, nagging ache to stiffness after waking up or sitting for extended periods.
- Headaches: Many people with cervical spondylosis experience tension headaches that start in the neck and travel to the back of the head.
- Pain radiating to the shoulders or arms: Some people experience pain that travels from the neck into the shoulders or down the arms. This is usually mild and linked to nerve irritation in the neck.
- Numbness or tingling: This may occur in the arms, hands, or fingers due to mild nerve involvement but is generally temporary and can be treated with physiotherapy.
- Weakness in the arms or hands: Occasionally, mild weakness in the arms or hands can occur, but this can be improved through strengthening exercises and physiotherapy.
- Reduced neck mobility: You might notice that turning your head or looking up and down feels less smooth than before, but regular exercises can restore flexibility.
It’s important to remember that many people with cervical spondylosis experience only mild symptoms, and with proper management, these can be kept under control.
Causes and Contributing Factors
Cervical spondylosis primarily develops as a result of age-related changes in the cervical spine. These changes are a natural part of the ageing process, but certain factors can contribute to the onset or severity of symptoms:
- Ageing: The most common cause of cervical spondylosis is simply the natural ageing process. Over time, the spinal discs lose water and flexibility, leading to changes in the bones and joints of the neck.
- Occupation: People whose jobs require repetitive neck movements, heavy lifting, or prolonged sitting (such as desk jobs) may experience these changes earlier or more intensely.
- Family history: Genetics can play a role in how early or how significantly these age-related changes appear. A family history of spinal conditions may increase the likelihood of developing cervical spondylosis.
- Previous neck injuries: A history of neck trauma, such as from a car accident or sports injury, may predispose a person to earlier or more pronounced changes in the cervical spine.
- Sedentary lifestyle: Prolonged inactivity, poor posture, or sitting in awkward positions can place extra strain on the neck, speeding up age-related changes in the spine.
- Obesity: Excess body weight places added strain on the spine, making age-related changes more pronounced.
Prognosis
The outlook for cervical spondylosis is generally very good. Most people experience mild symptoms that can be managed effectively with conservative treatments. Even when symptoms do occur, they tend to develop slowly over time, allowing for early intervention and management. With proper care and a focus on maintaining neck mobility and strength, it is possible to keep symptoms under control and enjoy a healthy, active lifestyle.
Many people with cervical spondylosis respond well to non-surgical treatments, and significant improvement can be achieved with lifestyle changes and physiotherapy. Surgery is rarely required, and most individuals can avoid further complications with the right approach.
Treatment
The management of cervical spondylosis typically focuses on relieving symptoms, improving mobility, and preventing further discomfort. Non-invasive treatments are highly effective for most people.
- Physiotherapy:
Physiotherapy is one of the most effective treatment options for cervical spondylosis. A physiotherapist can develop a personalised plan to help reduce pain, improve flexibility, and strengthen the muscles that support the neck and upper back. Key components of physiotherapy include:- Strengthening exercises: Building strength in the muscles around the neck and upper back can help support the spine and alleviate pressure on the cervical joints.
- Flexibility exercises: Stretching exercises can help improve the range of motion in the neck, preventing stiffness and maintaining flexibility.
- Manual therapy: Techniques like massage or joint mobilisation can help relieve pain, reduce muscle tension, and improve neck movement.
- Ergonomic advice: Adjusting your work environment and daily routines to reduce strain on your neck can make a big difference. For example, improving your desk setup or using a supportive pillow can help minimise discomfort.
- Medications:
In cases where symptoms are more pronounced, medications may be used to control pain and inflammation. Common options include:- Pain relievers: Over-the-counter medications like paracetamol can help with mild to moderate neck pain.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): These drugs, such as ibuprofen, can reduce both pain and inflammation, providing relief from stiffness and discomfort.
- Muscle relaxants: For individuals experiencing muscle spasms or tightness, muscle relaxants can help reduce tension and improve comfort.
- Corticosteroid injections: If pain is severe or persistent, a doctor may recommend a corticosteroid injection to reduce inflammation and provide temporary pain relief.
- Lifestyle modifications:
Making small changes in daily habits can have a big impact on managing cervical spondylosis. Some useful strategies include:- Staying active: Regular, low-impact activities such as walking, swimming, or cycling can keep your body moving and help maintain spinal health.
- Weight management: Maintaining a healthy weight reduces the strain on your spine, which can help slow the progression of age-related changes in the neck.
- Ergonomic adjustments: Setting up your workspace properly, using supportive pillows, and taking regular breaks during prolonged sitting can reduce the stress on your neck.
- Quitting smoking: Smoking cessation can improve blood flow to the spinal discs, helping to slow the ageing process and protect the spine from further damage.
- Other treatments:
- Heat or cold therapy: Applying heat or cold packs to the neck can help reduce pain and inflammation. Heat relaxes muscles, while cold numbs nerve endings and reduces swelling.